procedure
John Bowlby and James Robertson identified two progressive stages of distress in children separated from their mothers: (1) Protest: The child cries, screams, and protests angrily when the parent leaves, attempting to cling to the parent to stop them from leaving; this can last from a few hours to several days. (2) Despair: The child’s protesting gradually stops, and they appear calmer, although still upset.

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