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Karen Holl (2020) identifies several pitfalls in tree-planting initiatives: using non-native species (which fails to create a true forest and can deplete groundwater in arid areas), planting trees in historic grasslands or savannas (harming native ecosystems), abandoning trees after planting (leading to high mortality from lack of water, competition, grazing, or clearing), and planting trees on agricultural land (which risks displacing crop production into native forests, causing further deforestation).

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