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Terrestrial Fe/Mn-rich rock varnishes, which are biomineralized by epilithic and endolithic microorganisms including cyanobacteria, bacteria, and fungi, provide a two-fold benefit to microbial communities: they allow the precipitation and accumulation of metals potentially toxic for life, and the Fe/Mn-oxyhydroxides mixtures serve as a UV shield against high irradiation, desiccation, and temperature extremes.

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