Physicist Roger Penrose (1989, 1994) and anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff (1998) proposed a model of consciousness where consciousness arises through quantum effects occurring within microtubules, which are subcellular structures internal to neurons.

Authors

• Person: Not available Organization: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  Consciousness (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2025 ...

Sources

• Consciousness (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2025 ... plato.stanford.edu Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy via serper

Referenced by nodes (5)

• Stuart R. Hameroff entity
• microtubules concept
• consciousness concept
• Roger Penrose entity
• neurons concept