Dualism faces the problem of reconciling the causal efficacy of human consciousness with the empirical fact that the physical world is causally closed, meaning every event has a sufficient physical cause.

Authors

• Person: Not available Organization: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  Panpsychism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Sources

• Panpsychism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy via serper
• Panpsychism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2025 Edition) plato.stanford.edu Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy via serper

Referenced by nodes (4)

• dualism concept
• physical reality concept
• human consciousness concept
• principle of causal closure concept