procedure
Spectral analysis of heart rate variability is performed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with Welch's method and a 50% overlap Hanning window to obtain frequency-domain indexes: total power (TP), low-frequency component (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz, associated with sympathetic modulation), high-frequency component (HF, 0.15–0.40 Hz, a marker of vagal modulation synchronous with respiration), and the sympatho-vagal (LF/HF) balance.

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