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The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines childhood separation anxiety disorder in children younger than 18 years as exhibiting three of the following: excessive distress about actual or anticipated separation from home or parents; persistent concern about losing parents or harm coming to them; persistent fear of being lost or kidnapped; persistent reluctance to go to school; persistent reluctance to be alone; persistent reluctance to sleep away from home or without a parent; repeated nightmares about separation; or repeated complaints of physical symptoms like headaches when anticipating separation.

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