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• Germinal centers in B-cell follicles are sites where B cells undergo intense proliferation after encountering specific antigens and cooperating T cells.
• The adaptive immune system is comprised of two types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.
• IL-4 is classified as an adaptive immunity cytokine, is produced by Th cells, binds to the CD124 receptor, targets B cells, T cells, and macrophages, and functions in the proliferation of B and cytotoxic T cells, enhancement of MHC class II expression, and stimulation of IgG and IgE production.
• Germinal centers within B-cell follicles are sites where B cells undergo intense proliferation after encountering their specific antigen and cooperating T cells.
• IL-6 is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, and upon stimulation, it is secreted by macrophages, T cells, B cells, mast cells, glial cells, eosinophils, keratinocytes, and granulocytes.
• Primary immunodeficiencies result from a defect in one or more elements or functions of the normal immune system, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, antibodies, cytokines, or the complement system.
• IL-2 is classified as an adaptive immunity cytokine, is produced by Th1 cells, binds to the CD25 receptor, targets activated T cells, B cells, and NK cells, and functions in the proliferation of B cells and activated T cells, and supports NK cell function.
• T lymphocytes (T cells) consist of two main classes: cytotoxic T cells, which kill virus-infected cells, and a second class that activates other cells such as B cells and macrophages.
• IL-10 is classified as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by T cells, B cells, and macrophages, binds to the CDw210 receptor, targets B cells and macrophages, and functions to inhibit cytokine production and mononuclear cell function.
• The most common cells of the immune system are lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages, all of which are types of white blood cells.
• T cells expressing the cell-surface protein CD4 are divided into two subsets: T helper (Th)1 cells, which are primarily involved in activating macrophages and inflammatory responses, and Th2 cells, which are primarily involved in stimulating antibody production by B cells.
• A small subset of B and T cells, known as memory cells, remain indefinitely after an infection and recognize specific antigens.
• The accumulation of specialized immune cells, including B and T cells, is linked to diseases such as heart disease and arthritis.
• Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by T cells and B cells that binds to TGF-βR1, 2, and 3, and acts on activated T and B cells to inhibit their proliferation, inhibit hematopoiesis, and promote wound healing.
• Memory cells are a small subset of B and T cells that remain indefinitely after an infection and recognize specific antigens.
• Helper T-cells are specialized lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and assist other T-cells and B-cells in performing their functions.
• Adaptive immune responses are initiated in peripheral lymphoid tissues, where T cells that encounter antigen proliferate and differentiate into antigen-specific effector cells, and B cells proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells.
• In peripheral lymphoid tissues, T cells that encounter antigen proliferate and differentiate into antigen-specific effector cells, while B cells proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells.
• Jeffrey Moffitt and Michael Carroll of Boston Children’s Hospital are developing tools to visualize subsets of immune cells, specifically B and T cells, which play a fundamental role in the adaptive immune system.
• Natural Killer (NK) cells contribute to the innate immune response by nonspecifically eliminating target cells, such as virus-infected or malignant cells, through apoptosis independently of T or B cells.
• T cells and B cells are the two primary cell types central to the adaptive immune response.
• IL-1 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells, binds to the CD121a receptor, targets B cells, NK cells, and T cells, and functions in pyrogenic activity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and bone marrow cell proliferation.
• The bone marrow serves as a training ground for B-cells, and the thymus serves as a training ground for T-cells.
• The immune system consists of white blood cells categorized as lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages.
• While T-cells kill viruses, they also instruct B-cells to produce antibodies (immunoglobulin).
• The adaptive immune system involves T-cells and B-cells, which require training or education to learn not to attack the body's own cells.
• B cells that encounter antigen while migrating through a lymph node are arrested and activated with the assistance of activated T cells.
• Lymphocytes, including T cells and B cells, are involved in the inflammatory response.
• Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are considered part of the innate immune response because they act swiftly during infections to kill microorganisms or cells and produce cytokines without requiring the slower differentiation or proliferative processes associated with T and B cells.
• 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses antibody production by B cells and inhibits the proliferation of T cells in vitro.