Relations (1)
related 5.95 — strongly supporting 59 facts
Japan and South Korea are frequently grouped together in geopolitical, economic, and environmental contexts, such as their shared status as U.S. allies conducting joint military exercises [1], [2], [3], [4] and their coordinated imposition of sanctions on Russia [5], [6], [7], [8]. They are also frequently analyzed together in studies regarding energy policy, solar land use requirements, and decarbonization pathways [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18]. Furthermore, both nations are major East Asian economies often cited together in trade agreements, industrial policy comparisons, and supply chain discussions [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27].
Facts (59)
Sources
The potential land requirements and related land use change ... nature.com 18 facts
measurementAt 25–80% penetration in the electricity mix of the European Union, India, Japan, and South Korea by 2050, solar energy may occupy 0.5–5% of total land.
measurementIn regions with high crop productivity such as the European Union, Japan, and South Korea, the displacement of cropland to regions with lower productivity due to solar energy expansion can increase global cropland cover by up to 22%.
measurementThe absolute land use per unit of solar output in Europe is almost twice as high as in Japan and South Korea, and three times higher than in India, due to lower irradiance and higher latitude.
claimIf solar land is seeded with herbs and managed as pastures, total land use change (LUC) emissions per kWh of electricity are 3 to 5 times lower than if vegetation is cleared, and could become negative (net carbon sequestration) in India, Japan, and South-Korea if long-term effects post-2050 are considered.
claimOnly a limited portion of the land requirements and related land use change (LUC) emissions driven by bioenergy expansion are projected to occur within the EU, India, Japan, and South-Korea due to the tradeability of bioenergy.
claimThe displacement of commercial land by solar energy infrastructure in the EU, India, Japan, and South-Korea is expected to incentivize the use of currently unused arable land in other regions and boost the commercialization of unmanaged land, indirectly leading to the loss of natural land cover.
measurementA significant portion of sunlight captured for commercial use would be diverted to electricity generation rather than crop production, specifically 29–39% in Japan and South-Korea and 8–10% in the EU.
measurementFor every 100 hectares of solar land installed in Japan and South Korea, 49 to 54 hectares of unmanaged forest may be cleared globally.
referenceThe study computed potential solar land requirements and related land use change emissions for the European Union, India, Japan, and South Korea using a novel method within an integrated assessment model that links socioeconomic, energy, land, and climate systems.
claimSolar energy infrastructure is prioritized in specific regions, including southern Europe, north western India, and southern Japan and South-Korea, leading to an unequal spread of land occupation within these regions.
claimDue to limited and protected desert and scrubland areas in the EU, Japan, and South Korea, the model assumes no additional availability of these lands for solar energy beyond the default 10% of scrublands.
measurementIn Japan and South Korea, land use change (LUC) emissions related to the expansion of solar energy are 11 to 35 grams of CO2 per kilowatt-hour (kWh).
measurementBy 2050, if at least half of the produced electricity comes from solar power, land used for solar energy infrastructure will amount to over 50% of current urban land in the EU, over 85% in India, and over 75% in Japan and South-Korea.
measurementIf all previous vegetation is permanently cleared for solar energy projects, the total direct and indirect land use change (LUC) emissions from 2020 to 2050 correspond to 5 to 16% of emissions from natural gas combustion for power generation in developed regions like the EU, Japan, and South-Korea, and about 2.5–3.5% in India.
claimSolar energy expansion in the EU, India, Japan, and South-Korea is projected to predominantly replace or avoid future conversion of land used for commercial purposes, such as cropland or commercial forest, rather than significantly affecting unmanaged land.
measurementUtility-Scale Solar Energy (USSE) land occupation is projected to range from 0.5% to 2.8% of total territory in the EU, 0.3% to 1.4% in India, and 1.2% to 5.2% in Japan and South-Korea, assuming solar energy accounts for 25% to 80% of the electricity mix.
claimUtility-Scale Solar Energy (USSE) projects in Europe, India, Japan, and South Korea primarily use arable land.
referenceThe study focuses on the European Union, India, and the combined region of Japan and South Korea as areas where high solar energy penetration is likely to induce land competition.
Strategic Rivalry between United States and China swp-berlin.org 9 facts
claimThe primary security concern regarding China has shifted from the potential intimidation of United States allies in the region, such as South Korea and Japan, to a perceived global security threat.
claimChina and Russia share a threat perception regarding US, South Korean, and Japanese radar systems, believing that if these systems can track North Korean missiles, they can also track Chinese missiles.
claimThe security threat posed by China is now regarded as global, whereas initial concerns in the early 2000s focused on the potential intimidation of US allies South Korea and Japan.
claimThe United States views China's growing military capabilities as a threat to its military bases in Japan, South Korea, and the US territory of Guam.
claimBeijing and Moscow share a congruent threat perception regarding US, South Korean, and Japanese radar systems, which they believe can track the trajectories of Chinese and Russian missiles.
claimThe United States government views the expansion of Chinese military capabilities as a direct threat to American military bases located in Japan, South Korea, and Guam.
claimBeijing and Moscow share a threat perception regarding US, South Korean, and Japanese radar systems, which serves as a foundation for the 'comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination' between China and Russia.
claimThe United States views China’s growing military capabilities as a threat to American military bases in Japan, South Korea, and Guam.
claimThe security threat posed by China is now regarded as global, whereas the initial concern was that China would intimidate US allies in the region, specifically South Korea and Japan.
The International Implications of the Russo-Ukrainian War link.springer.com 9 facts
accountSouth Korea, Japan, and the United States held naval drills in April 2024 in response to threats from North Korea.
claimJapan and South Korea imposed sanctions on Russia, including bans on oil imports and restrictions on financial transactions, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
claimThe war in Ukraine prompted Japan and South Korea to reevaluate their geopolitical priorities, resulting in a closer alignment with United States policies regarding Russia and China.
claimBy 2023, Japan conducted several joint military exercises with the United States, South Korea, and Australia to counterbalance China’s growing regional influence.
claimBy 2024, South Korea deepened its military alliance with the United States by conducting joint naval drills with Japan and the United States in the East China Sea.
accountThe United States, Japan, and South Korea conducted missile defense exercises in April 2023 to deter threats from North Korea.
measurementBy 2023, Russia lost significant market share in East Asia as countries like Japan and South Korea transitioned to alternative energy suppliers.
claimIn March 2022, Japan and South Korea joined the United States in imposing sanctions on Russia, which represented a significant shift in their respective foreign policies.
claimJapan and South Korea have aligned more closely with the United States in response to the war in Ukraine, while Vietnam has sought to maintain a more neutral stance.
Tracking Trump's Trade Deals | Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 2 facts
measurementSouth Korea agreed to purchase $3.6 billion in Boeing aircraft, similar to agreements made by Indonesia and Japan.
claimUnlike Japan and South Korea, the European Union did not sign a memorandum of understanding regarding the terms of its investment commitment in the U.S. trade deal.
The Impact and Implications of the Ukraine Crisis - Interpret interpret.csis.org 2 facts
measurementIn the Asia-Pacific region, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Australia are the only countries that joined sanctions against Russia.
claimIn the Asia-Pacific region, only Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Australia joined the sanctions against Russia following the invasion of Ukraine.
USTR Launches Broad Section 301 Investigations Into Excess ... dwt.com 2 facts
claimThe Section 301 investigation will focus on the following countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
claimThe countries targeted for review in the Section 301 investigation are Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, the Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the EU, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
China-U.S. Relations in 2024 chinausfocus.com 2 facts
claimPresident Vladimir Putin's upcoming visit to North Korea and strengthened Russia-North Korea relations provide the United States with justification to pursue enhanced relations with Japan and South Korea, which threatens to disrupt the geopolitical situation in East Asia.
perspectiveChina should pursue a pragmatic and flexible foreign policy to expand scientific, technological, and economic cooperation with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Australia to mitigate containment efforts from the United States or other hostile forces.
The price of protectionism: Understanding the economic tradeoffs of ... statestreet.com 1 fact
accountIn the 20th century, economies like South Korea and Japan leveraged temporary trade barriers alongside aggressive export-driven industrial policies to enhance domestic competitiveness.
Hydrogen Energy Storage Market to Reach USD ... - PR Newswire prnewswire.com 1 fact
measurementThe Asia Pacific region held a 36.88% share of the hydrogen energy storage market in 2024, driven by adoption in China, Japan, South Korea, and India.
Private Wealth Migration 2025 | Press Release - Henley & Partners henleyglobal.com 1 fact
quoteAsia’s wealth landscape is a dynamic blend of ambition and caution. Singapore and Japan are solidifying their reputations as global wealth havens, while China and India are balancing domestic opportunity with the desire for diversification. South Korea and Taiwan remind us that geopolitics can quickly change the rules of the game. As 2025 unfolds, Asia is set to remain at the center of global wealth trends, shaped by economic dynamism, policy innovation, and the ever-present search for security and growth.
Fact Sheet: USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) has initiated Section 301 investigations into 60 specific economies: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
The U.S.-China Trade Relationship | Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 1 fact
claimSmartphone components, such as those for Apple's iPhone, are primarily sourced from China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea.
The Power of Change: Innovation for Development and Deployment ... nationalacademies.org 1 fact
referenceThe Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) have conducted an ongoing analysis of deep decarbonization pathways for 15 nations: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Talking Points: US–China Competition and the International Order usali.org 1 fact
claimJapan, South Korea, ASEAN countries, Taiwan, and European countries maintain economic engagement with China because they view China as a significant opportunity in the digital and global economy.
USTR Initiates 60 Section 301 Investigations Relating to Failures to ... ustr.gov 1 fact
claimThe 60 US trade partners subject to the USTR Section 301 investigations regarding forced labor include Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, the European Union, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam.
Sustainable Energy Transition for Renewable and Low Carbon Grid ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimJapan and South Korea have transitioned their electricity generation from oil-based sources to liquefied natural gas and coal, which are fossil fuels but have less environmental impact.
History of tariffs in the United States - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org 1 fact
claimBy July 31, 2025, President Donald Trump had announced trade deals with eight trading partners: the UK, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, the EU, and a truce expiring August 12 with China.
United States Foreign Intelligence Relationships everycrsreport.com 1 fact
claimHost-country partners provide political clearance enabling the United States to establish intelligence facilities and may provide infrastructure support, a practice observed in close U.S. allies including Germany, the United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and South Korea.
USTR initiates Section 301 investigations of 60 US trade partners ... jdsupra.com 1 fact
claimOn March 10, 2026, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced the initiation of a Section 301 investigation targeting industrial excess capacity in 16 US trade partners: China, the European Union, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, South Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Mexico, Japan, and India.
Geopolitics of Trump Tariffs: How U.S. Trade Policy Has Shaken Allies cfr.org 1 fact
claimThe European Union is accelerating trade negotiations with Canada, Japan, and South Korea, and is in the process of ratifying a free trade agreement with the Mercosur trade bloc—consisting of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay—to diversify its trade relationships.
Energy asset stranding in resource-rich developing countries and ... frontiersin.org 1 fact
claimGermany maintains energy partnership agreements with Algeria, Angola, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Norway, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, USA, and Uzbekistan.
World Trade Without the US | Cato Institute cato.org 1 fact
claimMajor trading countries of East Asia, such as Japan and South Korea, are likely to seek trade opportunities outside the United States due to the persistence of tariffs imposed by Donald Trump.