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related 5.52 — strongly supporting 45 facts
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and treatment as usual (TAU) are related as they are frequently compared in clinical research to evaluate the efficacy of CBT for conditions like depression, anxiety, and chronic pain, as evidenced by numerous systematic reviews and trials [1], [2], [3], [4]. These studies often use TAU as a control condition to measure outcomes such as symptom reduction, quality of life, and pain management [5], [6], [7], [8].
Facts (45)
Sources
A systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based ... frontiersin.org 40 facts
referenceIn a 2011 non-randomized controlled trial conducted in Germany, Tlach and Hampel studied patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and depression, comparing a treatment group receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) plus treatment as usual (TAU) (n=44) against a control group receiving only TAU (n=40).
measurementA study by Migliorini et al. (2016) identified significant differences in improved stress symptoms at follow-up in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with a small effect size (d = 0.47).
claimSchlicker et al. (2020) and Baumeister et al. (2021) found no significant differences in work capacity at post-treatment or follow-up when comparing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treatment as usual (TAU).
referenceIn a study by Schlicker et al. (2020) in Germany, patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and depression were treated with either Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) combined with Treatment As Usual (TAU) or TAU alone, delivered via weekly online sessions.
measurementIn a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions, four out of six studies (66%) found significant differences in the reduction of depressive symptoms at follow-up in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with effect sizes (d) ranging from 0.75 to 0.26.
referenceThe study by Ólason et al. (2018) in Iceland evaluated the efficacy of CBT combined with treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU alone for patients with chronic pain and depression or anxiety.
measurementTwo studies (Buhrman et al., 2015; Gasslander et al., 2022) found no significant differences between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and treatment as usual (TAU) at post-treatment regarding the reduction of fear of anxiety symptoms.
measurementOne study (Ólason et al., 2018) identified significant differences in improved social functioning at follow-up in favor of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU), with a medium effect size (d = 0.51).
measurementFour out of six studies (67%) found significant differences in improving quality of life at post-treatment in favor of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU), with medium to invaluable effect sizes (d ranging from 0.78 to 0.02).
measurementDe Jong et al. (2016, 2018) found no significant differences in anxiety symptoms at post-treatment or follow-up when comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to Treatment As Usual (TAU).
measurementTwo studies (Buhrman et al., 2015; Gasslander et al., 2022) indicated significant differences in increased pain acceptance at post-treatment in favor of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU), with very small (d = 0.12) and small (d = 0.30) effect sizes, but no significant differences were found at follow-up.
measurementBaumeister et al. (2021) found significant differences in pain self-efficacy between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Treatment As Usual (TAU) at post-treatment with a small effect size (d = 0.39) and at follow-up with a small effect size (d = 0.33).
measurementIn a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions, three out of four studies (75%) showed significant differences in the reduction of anxiety symptoms at follow-up in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with effect sizes (d) ranging from 1.07 to 0.27.
claimBuhrman et al. (2015) found no significant differences in cognitive and behavioral coping strategies at follow-up when comparing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treatment as usual (TAU).
claimGasslander et al. (2022) found no significant differences between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and treatment as usual (TAU) at post-treatment regarding kinesiophobia and life control.
measurementIn the systematic review, three out of four studies of traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy reported significant differences in the reduction of anxiety symptoms at follow-up compared to treatment as usual, with effect sizes (d) ranging from 1.07 to 0.27.
measurementTwo studies (Buhrman et al., 2015; Gasslander et al., 2022) found no significant differences in pain catastrophizing between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Treatment As Usual (TAU) at post-treatment, and one study (Buhrman et al., 2015) found no significant differences at follow-up.
measurementDe Jong et al. (2016, 2018) and Torrijos-Zarcero et al. (2021) reported no significant differences in the reduction of pain intensity at post-treatment when comparing Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI) to Treatment As Usual (TAU) or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
measurementIn a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions, five out of six studies (83%) showed significant differences in the reduction of anxiety symptoms at post-treatment in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with effect sizes (d) ranging from 1.08 to 0.19.
measurementIn a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions, six out of eight studies (75%) found significant differences in the reduction of depressive symptoms at post-treatment in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with effect sizes (d) ranging from 1.31 to 0.18.
measurementCompared to Treatment As Usual (TAU), traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) reported significant differences in the reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms and in the increase of quality of life at post-treatment and at follow-up, with effect sizes ranging from very large to small.
claimÓlason et al. (2018) found no significant differences between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and treatment as usual (TAU) at post-treatment regarding fear avoidance.
measurementGasslander et al. (2022) found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) resulted in significant differences in coping strategies of ignoring and catastrophizing at post-treatment compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with small effect sizes of d = 0.38 and d = 0.34.
referenceTable 4 in the systematic review provides a synthesis of evidence comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBI), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), or Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD) against Treatment as Usual (TAU).
measurementIn the systematic review, five out of six studies of traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy reported significant differences in the reduction of anxiety symptoms at post-treatment compared to treatment as usual, with effect sizes (d) ranging from 1.08 to 0.19.
referenceThe study by Aragonès et al. (2019) in Spain evaluated the efficacy of CBT combined with treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU alone for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain and major depressive disorder.
claimThe systematic review concludes that traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy may produce significant benefits for the improvement of depression, anxiety, and quality of life, but not for pain intensity and pain catastrophizing.
measurementTwo studies (Schlicker et al., 2020; Gasslander et al., 2022) found no significant differences in pain self-efficacy between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Treatment As Usual (TAU) at post-treatment, and one study (Schlicker et al., 2020) found no significant differences at follow-up.
claimThe systematic review found no significant differences between traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and treatment as usual at post-treatment and follow-up regarding pain intensity and pain catastrophizing.
measurementIn a systematic review, two out of three studies (67%) found significant differences in the reduction of pain interference at post-treatment in favor of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU), with small to very small effect sizes (d ranging from 0.22 to 0.12).
measurementA study by Baumeister et al. (2021) identified significant differences in improved pain intensity at post-treatment in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with a small effect size (d = 0.42).
measurementIn the systematic review, four out of six studies of traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy reported significant differences in the reduction of depressive symptoms at follow-up compared to treatment as usual, with effect sizes (d) ranging from 0.75 to 0.26.
referenceIn a 2015 randomized controlled trial conducted in Sweden, Buhrman et al. studied patients with chronic pain (CP) and depression, comparing a treatment group receiving CBT plus treatment as usual (TAU) (n=28) against a control group receiving only TAU (n=24).
claimStudies exploring pain intensity and pain catastrophizing found no significant differences between traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Treatment As Usual (TAU) at post-treatment and follow-up.
measurementBaumeister et al. (2021) found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) led to significant improvements in pain-related disability at post-treatment compared to treatment as usual (TAU), with a small effect size of d = 0.35, though this effect was not maintained at follow-up.
measurementTwo studies (Buhrman et al., 2015; Aragonès et al., 2019) found no significant differences in the reduction of pain interference at follow-up when comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to Treatment As Usual (TAU).
measurementTwo out of four studies (50%) found significant differences in improving quality of life at follow-up in favor of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) compared to Treatment As Usual (TAU), with medium to small effect sizes (d = 0.78 and d = 0.33).
measurementIn the systematic review, six out of eight studies of traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy reported significant differences in the reduction of depressive symptoms at post-treatment compared to treatment as usual, with effect sizes (d) ranging from 1.31 to 0.18.
measurementOne study (Buhrman et al., 2015) found no significant differences between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and treatment as usual (TAU) at follow-up regarding the reduction of fear of anxiety symptoms.
measurementFour studies (Migliorini et al., 2016; Ólason et al., 2018; Aragonès et al., 2019; Schlicker et al., 2020) found no differences in pain intensity at follow-up when comparing cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treatment as usual (TAU).
Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders link.springer.com 5 facts
claimTreatment as usual (TAU) is a suboptimal control condition in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy studies because it is heterogeneous and not structurally equivalent within or between studies.
claimComparing an active intervention with a psychological or pill placebo is a systematic approach to address the limitations of TAU and WL control conditions in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy research.
referenceWatts et al. performed a meta-analysis comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Treatment-as-Usual (TAU) for anxiety and depression, noting that TAU is highly variable.
claimTreatment as usual (TAU) and waitlist (WL) comparators in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy studies are considered suboptimal because they potentially inflate estimates of treatment efficacy.
claimThe magnitude of effect sizes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy studies is influenced by the comparison conditions used, such as waitlist (WL) or treatment as usual (TAU).