Knowledge Tree
Relations (1)
cross_type 4.39 — strongly supporting 19 facts
Syria and Yemen are frequently grouped together as nations experiencing civil war, humanitarian crises, and regional instability following the 2011 uprisings [1], [2]. They are both central theaters for regional power struggles involving Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Türkiye [3], [4], [5], and are consistently cited as primary recipients of humanitarian aid and targets for international security coordination [6], [7], [8].
Facts (19)
Sources
Opportunities for Collective Regional Security in the Middle East carnegieendowment.org 14 facts
claimThe violent escalation of hostilities across Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and the southern Red Sea disrupted Saudi Arabia's modernization goals and exposed the country to risks such as the collapse of the Assad regime in Syria.
claimTürkiye's support for Islamist groups in Libya, Syria, and Yemen caused its diplomatic, political, and trade relations with most Gulf countries, Iraq, and Iran to deteriorate into tensions and confrontation.
claimRegional actors are currently involved in direct or proxy conflicts: Israel is in tension with Iran; Türkiye is intervening in Syria and Iraq; the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are militarily involved in Yemen; and Egypt is involved in Libya, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa.
accountFollowing the recession of the 2011 uprisings, regional attention shifted toward the threat of terrorist organizations in Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq.
claimIran's traditional strategies to regain influence, such as reasserting the power of its allies in Gaza and Lebanon, rallying the Assad regime in Syria, or deploying Iraqi and Yemeni militias in cross-border operations against Israel, have proven inadequate.
claimBetween 2011 and 2020, Iranian policies, specifically the reliance on militias to execute regional aims, contributed to the destabilization of Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen.
claimA Middle Eastern Organization for Security and Cooperation, modeled after the 1975 European precedent, could promote peace between Palestinians and Israelis and foster nonviolent coexistence in nations such as Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Sudan.
accountThe AKP-led government of Türkiye supported Islamist groups in Libya, Syria, and Yemen during the popular uprisings that evolved into civil wars in those countries.
claimSaudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates sought to contain Iranian regional expansion in Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon.
accountThe Arab Spring resulted in the ousting of rulers in Tunisia and Egypt, and the descent of Libya, Syria, and Yemen into civil war.
claimDespite strategic retreats, Iran is likely to leverage its military, financial, and organizational assets to rebuild cohesion among its proxies in Palestine and Lebanon, reinforce factions in Iraq and Yemen, and adapt to the situation in Syria.
claimIran and Israel have played central roles in perpetuating violence across Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.
accountIsrael escalated its military offensives against Iran and its proxies in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen in response to attacks from the Iranian bloc.
accountThe 2011 political upheavals in the Middle East resulted in the toppling of regimes in Tunisia and Egypt, the onset of civil wars in Libya, Syria, and Yemen, and increased pressure on Jordan and Morocco to implement reforms.
After the War: Rethinking Regional Security in the Middle ... arab-reform.net 4 facts
perspectiveA proposed regional pact should combine hard and soft components, including an Arab-Turkish air and missile defense dialogue, joint maritime monitoring in the Gulf and Red Sea, coordinated red lines against attacks on civilians, joint initiatives for the displaced, a regional fund for environmental adaptation, support for the rebuilding of Syria, Lebanon, and Gaza, and a push to end wars in Yemen, Libya, and Sudan.
accountDuring his 2023 address to the UN General Assembly, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu displayed a map of a 'new Middle East' that erased Palestine and sidelined Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Yemen, and Iraq.
procedureThe author proposes a three-phase process for regional security in the Middle East: first, a functional regional security forum on air defense, maritime security, and infrastructure protection; second, coordination on conflict files including Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Sudan, Yemen, and Libya; and third, institutionalizing an economic pillar for reconstruction and trade.
accountThe Middle East has incurred significant human, economic, and environmental costs over the last two decades, including the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the war in Syria, state collapse in Libya, Yemen, and Sudan, the genocide in Gaza, wars in Lebanon, mass displacement, and insecurity in the Gulf and Red Sea.
A Region at Capacity: War, Displacement, and the Limits of ... mecouncil.org 1 fact
measurementIn 2026, humanitarian needs in the Middle East include 3.6 million people in Palestine requiring $4.1 billion, 16.5 million people in Syria requiring $3.2 billion, and 23.1 million people in Yemen requiring $2.5 billion.