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Syria and Iraq are frequently linked as neighboring countries in the Near East that share significant geopolitical challenges, including the presence of Iranian-backed proxy militias [1], [2], [3], the territorial expansion of the Islamic Caliphate [4], and ongoing U.S. military and intelligence operations [5], [6], [7].
Facts (114)
Sources
Opportunities for Collective Regional Security in the Middle East carnegieendowment.org 29 facts
accountIsrael conducted targeted strikes against Palestinian factions and Iranian-backed forces in Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.
claimThe violent escalation of hostilities across Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and the southern Red Sea disrupted Saudi Arabia's modernization goals and exposed the country to risks such as the collapse of the Assad regime in Syria.
claimTürkiye's support for Islamist movements in Libya, Syria, and Yemen caused its diplomatic, political, trade, and investment relations with most Gulf countries, Iraq, and Iran to shift into tensions and conflict.
perspectiveRegional actors share a crucial interest in establishing a collective security framework encompassing Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq to prevent the cycle of conflict from endangering regional and global interests.
accountThe Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) mobilized Shiite militias in Iraq to counter United States influence, while Hezbollah in Lebanon and Syria actively targeted Israeli assets and interests.
claimIran is likely to leverage its military, financial, and organizational assets to rebuild cohesion among its proxies in Palestine and Lebanon, reinforce factions in Iraq and Yemen, and adapt to the situation in Syria.
claimTürkiye's support for Islamist groups in Libya, Syria, and Yemen caused its diplomatic, political, and trade relations with most Gulf countries, Iraq, and Iran to deteriorate into tensions and confrontation.
claimRegional actors are currently involved in direct or proxy conflicts: Israel is in tension with Iran; Türkiye is intervening in Syria and Iraq; the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are militarily involved in Yemen; and Egypt is involved in Libya, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa.
claimSaudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates sought to contain Iranian regional expansion in Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon.
claimThe outbreak of hostilities across Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and the southern Red Sea diverted Saudi Arabia's focus from its modernization goals and exposed the country to risks such as the collapse of the Assad regime in Syria.
accountFollowing the recession of the 2011 uprisings, regional attention shifted toward the threat of terrorist organizations in Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq.
claimIran's traditional strategies to regain influence, such as reasserting the power of its allies in Gaza and Lebanon, rallying the Assad regime in Syria, or deploying Iraqi and Yemeni militias in cross-border operations against Israel, have proven inadequate.
claimBetween 2011 and 2020, Iranian policies helped destabilize Arab states such as Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen through the use of militias to execute regional aims.
claimBetween 2011 and 2020, Iranian policies, specifically the reliance on militias to execute regional aims, contributed to the destabilization of Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen.
claimSaudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates sought to contain Iranian regional expansion in Bahrain, Yemen, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon.
accountFollowing the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran established a network of armed militias by cultivating allies, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria, and Shiite parties in Iraq.
claimThe government of Iran expressed anger toward Türkiye due to Turkish threats against the Iranian-backed Assad regime in Syria, while the government of Iraq's relationship with Türkiye deteriorated due to persistent Turkish military incursions into northern Iraq.
claimCurrent regional policies often entangle Middle Eastern states in direct or proxy conflicts, such as Israel’s tensions with Iran, Türkiye’s intervention in Syria and Iraq, and the military involvement of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in Yemen.
accountIranian-supported groups conducted attacks on United States bases in Iraq and Syria, which contributed to regional escalations including the 2020 United States assassination of IRGC commander Qassem Soleimani and prolonged hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel.
claimDespite strategic retreats, Iran is likely to leverage its military, financial, and organizational assets to rebuild cohesion among its proxies in Palestine and Lebanon, reinforce factions in Iraq and Yemen, and adapt to the situation in Syria.
claimIran's traditional strategies to regain influence—including reasserting the power of allies in Gaza and Lebanon, rallying the Assad regime in Syria, and deploying Iraqi and Yemeni militias against Israel—have proven inadequate.
claimIran and Israel have played central roles in perpetuating violence across Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.
accountFollowing the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran established a network of armed militias, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria, and various Shiite parties in Iraq, to serve as a protective shield against American and Israeli adversaries.
accountThe Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) mobilized Shiite militias in Iraq to counter United States influence, while Hezbollah in Lebanon and Syria actively targeted Israeli assets and interests.
claimIran and Israel have played central roles in perpetuating violence across Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.
accountIsrael escalated its military offensives against Iran and its proxies in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen in response to attacks from the Iranian bloc.
perspectiveRegional actors share a crucial interest in establishing a collective security framework encompassing Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq to prevent the cycle of conflict from endangering regional and global interests.
accountIsrael conducted targeted military strikes against Palestinian factions and Iranian-backed forces located in Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.
claimIsrael escalated its military offensives against Iran and its proxies in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen in response to attacks from the Iranian bloc.
War by Proxy: Iran's Growing Footprint in the Middle East - CSIS csis.org 28 facts
claimThe IRGC-QF has expanded its operational areas beyond traditional partners in Lebanon and Iraq to include active operations in Yemen and Syria.
claimThe Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) has increased the size and capabilities of the militias it supports in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen.
claimThere are indications that Iran may move some of its missiles and missile parts to Iraq to avoid Israeli pressure in Lebanon and Syria.
claimThe 'Axis of Resistance' is a network of forces supported by the IRGC-QF that extends from the Persian Gulf through Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq to the eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea to counter Iran's state adversaries.
claimThe regional conflict involving Iran includes the war in Yemen, the Houthi use of ballistic missiles against Saudi Arabia, an escalating conflict with Israel in Syria, the growth of Shia militia forces in Iraq, targeted assassinations, and cyberattacks.
claimThe Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) is active in Lebanon, Yemen, Iraq, and Syria.
claimThe Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) has increased the size and capabilities of the militias it supports in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen.
claimThe regional conflict involving Iran includes the war in Yemen, the Houthi use of ballistic missiles against Saudi Arabia, an escalating conflict with Israel in Syria, the growth of Shia militia forces in Iraq, targeted assassinations, and cyberattacks.
claimThe southern route of Iran's land bridge passes through Iran, the Iraqi border town of Al-Walid, Al-Tanf in Syria, Damascus, and into Lebanon.
claimThe central route of Iran's land bridge passes through Iran, central Iraq, the Iraqi border town of Al-Qaim, Syria's Abu Kamal and Dayr az Zawr, and into Lebanon.
claimThe Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) is active in Lebanon, Yemen, Iraq, and Syria.
claimThe IRGC-QF has expanded its operational areas from traditional countries like Lebanon and Iraq to include countries like Yemen and Syria.
claimThe IRGC-QF is organized into regional sections including the Ramazan Corps (Iraq), Levant Corps (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel), Rasulallah Corps (Arabian Peninsula), and Ansar Corps (Afghanistan).
claimThe Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) maintains partnerships with foreign forces in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, and Afghanistan.
claimForces supported by the IRGC-QF include Lebanese Hezbollah, the Hashd al-Sha’abi in Iraq (specifically the Badr Organization, Kata’ib Hezbollah, and Asaib Ahl al-Haq), militia forces in Syria, the Houthis in Yemen, Liwa Fatemiyoun from Afghanistan, Liwa Zainabyoun from Pakistan, and groups in Palestinian territory such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
claimForces supported by the IRGC-QF include Lebanese Hezbollah, the Hashd al-Sha’abi in Iraq (including the Badr Organization, Kata’ib Hezbollah, and Asaib Ahl al-Haq), militia forces in Syria, the Houthis in Yemen, Liwa Fatemiyoun from Afghanistan, Liwa Zainabyoun from Pakistan, and groups in Palestinian territory such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
claimThere are indications that Iran may move some of its missiles and missile parts to Iraq due to Israeli pressure in Lebanon and Syria.
claimThe People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI) claimed in 2017 that Iran trains thousands of mercenaries annually to fight in the wars in Syria and Iraq.
claimThe Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF) maintains partnerships with foreign forces in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, and Afghanistan.
claimThe northern route of Iran's land bridge passes through Iran, Iraq's Kurdish region, the Iraqi city of Sinjar, northeastern Syrian cities like Al-Hasakah, and into Lebanon.
claimThe IRGC-QF is organized into regional corps, including the Ramazan Corps (Iraq), Levant Corps (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel), Rasulallah Corps (Arabian Peninsula), and Ansar Corps (Afghanistan).
referenceMichael Knights published 'Iran’s Foreign Legion: The Role of Iraqi Shiite Militias in Syria' through The Washington Institute for Near East Policy on June 27, 2013.
claimThe Arab Spring, beginning in 2011, created opportunities for Iran to expand its influence by exploiting the weakening of regimes and the onset of insurgencies in Syria, Yemen, and Iraq.
accountThe 2011 Arab Spring created opportunities for Iran to expand its influence due to the weakening of regimes and the onset or expansion of insurgencies in countries like Syria, Yemen, and Iraq.
claimThe 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War demonstrated the difficulty for the Israeli military in rooting out Hezbollah sites within Lebanon's heavily urbanized environment, a challenge that has expanded to include Syria and Iraq.
claimThe 'Axis of Resistance' is a network of forces supported by the IRGC-QF that extends from the Persian Gulf through Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon to the eastern Mediterranean Sea to counter Iran's state adversaries.
claimThe People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI) claimed in 2017 that Iran trains thousands of mercenaries annually to fight in the wars in Syria and Iraq.
claimThe 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War demonstrated the difficulty Israel faces in rooting out Hezbollah sites in heavily urbanized environments, a challenge that has expanded to include Syria and Iraq.
The crises in the Middle East: reshaping the region's geopolitical ... link.springer.com 10 facts
claimThe weakness of Syrian and Iraqi governance has allowed regional powers Turkey and Iran to expand their influence, project power beyond their borders, and assert their interests in regional affairs.
claimIran utilizes regional proxy powers, including the Shia militia Hizbulla in Lebanon and various groups in Iraq and Syria, to deepen regional crises and reduce opportunities for diplomacy, according to a 2023 DW News report.
claimSince the Russian military intervention in Syria, United States hegemony has become less effective, leading the United States to reconsider its military exercise strategies and the withdrawal of military equipment and soldiers from Syria and Iraq.
claimSaeed (2019b) argues that because the complexities of the Kurdish question in Turkey, Syria, Iran, and Iraq have been neglected, similar unexpected events to the October 2023 conflict could occur in these countries.
claimSaudi Arabia and Iran are competing for regional leadership and influence in conflicts occurring in Yemen, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Iraq, which exacerbates sectarian divisions and undermines stability.
claimHizbulla and Hamas in Lebanon and Palestine, and Kurdish liberation movements in Syria, Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, have a crucial impact on the balance of power in regional rivalries.
claimIran's involvement in regional conflicts in Lebanon, Yemen, Bahrain, Iraq, and Syria has heightened tensions with Kurdish groups and complicated efforts to address the Kurdish question.
claimThe Kurds are an ethnic group with distinct cultural and linguistic characteristics inhabiting a contiguous region spanning Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.
claimThe geopolitical rivalry between the Shia and Sunni blocs, represented by Iran and Saudi Arabia, has fueled sectarian tensions and proxy wars in Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain, Iraq, and Yemen, complicating peaceful conflict resolution.
accountUnited States efforts to form alliances with Sunni groups in Iraq and Syria after the Arab Spring resulted in the strengthening of fundamentalist groups such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
An Integrated U.S. Strategy to Address Iran's Nuclear and Regional ... carnegieendowment.org 6 facts
perspectiveThe United States should prioritize keeping Iran out of the Golan Heights and Israel's border areas over limiting Iranian control of lines of communication in Syria and Iraq.
procedureU.S. military and intelligence activities should focus on three objectives: (1) optimizing force posture and presence to deter problematic Iranian behavior, especially regarding the nuclear program and freedom of navigation; (2) light military deployments, especially in Iraq and Syria, to build political leverage and prevent Iran from achieving objectives that threaten the United States and its partners; (3) direct covert actions and maritime interdictions to directly counter Iran’s destabilizing behavior.
claimIran and Saudi Arabia are on opposing sides in the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and Iraq, and their involvement, including the provision of weapons and money, has exacerbated these conflicts.
claimIn Syria and Iraq, which are core areas of Iranian influence, the Iranian government is unlikely to be deterred or persuaded to curtail its investments.
claimHanin Ghaddar argued in a November 23, 2016, Washington Institute for Near East Policy analysis that Iran may be utilizing Iraq and Syria as a bridge to reach Lebanon.
claimIran's primary objective regarding lines of communication in Syria and Iraq is to maintain control over as many routes as possible to facilitate the movement of the IRGC Quds Force, Hezbollah, and other Shia militias, while ensuring battlefield flexibility and developing diversified supply routes.
Iran's Geopolitical Footprint: Regional Power or Global Contender? moderndiplomacy.eu 3 facts
claimIran maintains the 'Axis of Resistance,' a coalition including Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Bashar al-Assad regime in Syria, and various Iraqi Shiite militias, to counter Israeli and Western influence.
claimIran supports various political and militant groups across the Middle East, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Palestine, and various Shiite militias in Iraq and Syria, to challenge the regional dominance of its adversaries.
claimIran expands its influence in Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon to secure its western flank and limit the influence of hostile powers near its borders.
Iran War: Kinetic, Cyber, Electronic and Psychological Warfare ... resecurity.com 3 facts
claimThe United States advised American citizens to immediately leave Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen due to escalating Iranian strikes and planned US retaliatory strikes.
claimMajor airspace across Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, and Syria remains challenging, resulting in widespread flight cancellations and diversions.
claimThe conflict involves geographic flashpoints within Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Gaza, and critical maritime zones including the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea.
After the War: Rethinking Regional Security in the Middle ... arab-reform.net 3 facts
accountDuring his 2023 address to the UN General Assembly, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu displayed a map of a 'new Middle East' that erased Palestine and sidelined Lebanon, Syria, Oman, Yemen, and Iraq.
accountThe Middle East has incurred significant human, economic, and environmental costs over the last two decades, including the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the war in Syria, state collapse in Libya, Yemen, and Sudan, the genocide in Gaza, wars in Lebanon, mass displacement, and insecurity in the Gulf and Red Sea.
claimTürkiye, while not an Arab state, is deeply implicated in the security and economy of Syria, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the wider regional balance, making it essential to include in any new regional security architecture.
The Implications Of Iran's Failed Proxy Strategy - Hoover Institution hoover.org 2 facts
Political and social trends in the future of global security. A meta ... link.springer.com 2 facts
accountThe Arab uprisings of 2011, the territorial gains of the Islamic Caliphate in Syria and Iraq in 2014, the Brexit vote, and Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 United States presidential elections are cited as significant developments that were difficult to anticipate at the turn of the decade.
claimGlobal urbanization intersects with the growing power of armed non-state actors, as evidenced by the wars in Aleppo, Syria, and Mosul, Iraq.
Iran's 'Axis of Resistance': The proxy forces shaping Mideast conflicts latimes.com 2 facts
claimMost groups within the 'Axis of Resistance' are composed of members of the Shiite branch of Islam, which forms major populations in the 'Shiite Crescent' stretching from Iran through Iraq and Syria to Lebanon.
quotePresident Donald Trump stated: "From Lebanon to Yemen and Syria to Iraq, the regime has armed, trained and funded terrorist militias that have soaked the earth with blood and guts. The United States, Trump vowed, was determined to ensure that Iran’s proxies can no longer destabilize the region or the world and attack our forces."
The path forward on Iran and its proxy forces - Brookings Institution brookings.edu 2 facts
measurementIraqi militias targeted U.S. forces in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan with at least 170 missiles, rockets, and drone strikes in the weeks following the start of the war.
measurementThe United States has struck more than 100 targets in Iraq and Syria associated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and its assets since late October 2023.
Twenty questions (and expert answers) about the Iran war atlanticcouncil.org 2 facts
claimIran's proxy network includes Lebanese Hezbollah, Palestinian militant organizations such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Shia militias in Iraq and Syria, and Yemen’s Houthi movement.
claimIran maintains a network of non-state armed organizations across the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, including Lebanese Hezbollah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Shia militias in Iraq and Syria, and the Houthi movement in Yemen.
After Khamenei: Regional Reckoning and the Future of Iran's Proxy ... stimson.org 2 facts
claimA cornerstone of Ali Khamenei's foreign policy was the formation, funding, and weaponization of proxy networks in Lebanon, Iraq, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, and Gaza.
claimIran formed, funded, and weaponized proxy networks in Lebanon, Iraq, Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, and Gaza as a cornerstone of its foreign policy.
Iran's Proxy Strategy and the Extent of Surrogate Autonomy - AHS alexanderhamiltonsociety.org 2 facts
claimIn Syria, the Sunni-majority demographic forced Iran to rely on sectarian-aligned proxies from Lebanon and Iraq rather than indigenous actors.
claimIran's 'Shi'a Crescent' ideology encompasses the geopolitical mass of Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon to the west, and Yemen to the south, nominally including Gulf States like Bahrain.
Escalation in the Middle East | MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES msf-me.org 2 facts
claimMedecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) experiences indirect operational consequences from the regional conflict escalation in Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Yemen, and Syria.
claimMedecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) maintains a network of medical and humanitarian programs in Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Yemen, providing healthcare through hospitals, clinics, and mobile medical teams.
Iran's Regional Armed Network - Council on Foreign Relations cfr.org 1 fact
claimIran's proxy network includes groups from Shiite Muslim-majority countries like Iraq and Lebanon, as well as groups from Sunni-majority areas including the Palestinian territories, Syria, and Yemen.
The Deafening Silence of Iran's Proxies - Institute for the Study of War understandingwar.org 1 fact
claimUS military bases in Iraq and Syria have been subjected to attacks, raising concerns about the potential spillover of the Israel-Hamas war, as reported by The Guardian in October 2023.
Beyond Missile Deterrence: The Rise of Algorithmic Superiority trendsresearch.org 1 fact
claimIran seeks to expand its strategic depth and strengthen its regional position through alliances and proxy networks in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen.
Ethnobotanical and Food Composition Monographs of Selected ... ouci.dntb.gov.ua 1 fact
referenceRivera D, Matilla-Riquer G, Obón C, and Alcaraz F (2012) published a diachronic ethnobotanical review of ancient and traditional plant uses for food and medicine in the Near East and the Caucasus, covering Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey.
Iran Country Report 2026 - BTI Transformation Index bti-project.org 1 fact
claimIran's regional strategy of 'forward defense' is a pursuit of regional hegemony, involving a network of militias in Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen, and Syria (until December 2024).
United States Foreign Intelligence Relationships everycrsreport.com 1 fact
claimU.S. intelligence liaison relationships in the war on terror include nontraditional partners such as non-state organizations (e.g., Kurdish groups in northern Iraq and Syria) and traditional adversaries such as Russia.
A Status Quo Power in a Changing Region: Iran's Regionalism in ... cambridge.org 1 fact
claimIran and Turkey have managed to navigate their disagreements in Syria and Iraq without resorting to direct confrontation.
The Axis of Instability: Iran, Proxy Warfare, and the Fragmenting ... meforum.org 1 fact
claimThe Islamic Republic of Iran's doctrine is calibrated confrontation, where Tehran projects power through a constellation of non-state actors and aligned militias operating across Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and the Palestinian arena.
ACT Alliance Statement on the Escalating Conflict in ... actalliance.org 1 fact
accountACT Alliance Forums maintain active humanitarian appeals in Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Gaza.
How to Handle Iran's Nuclear Ambitions - New Lines Institute newlinesinstitute.org 1 fact
claimOver the last 30 years, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) has gained extensive control over Iran's military, economy, political, and foreign policy, as well as proxy networks in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen.
Editorials Supporting an Iran Nuclear Deal, January - September 2015 armscontrol.org 1 fact
claimThe Sacramento Bee editorial board stated on June 30, 2015, that Iran is currently fomenting conflict in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and across the region, but would be a greater global threat if armed with nuclear weapons.
Monday Briefing: Israel-Hamas war: Conflict scenarios, ... mei.edu 1 fact
accountIn past conflicts in Syria and Iraq, a considerable number of Pakistani fighters participated by aligning themselves with either ISIS or Hezbollah, depending on their sectarian affiliations.
Policy Steps to Prevent a Nuclear Iran | The Washington Institute washingtoninstitute.org 1 fact
claimThe author asserts that military strikes have a more successful record of stopping nuclear programs than diplomacy, citing the 1981 strikes in Iraq and 2007 strikes in Syria as successful, while characterizing the 1994 Agreed Framework with North Korea and the JCPOA with Iran as failures.
Iran at a Historical Crossroads - E-International Relations e-ir.info 1 fact
claimIran utilizes a network of allied militias and proxy forces, collectively known as the Axis of Resistance, to project power and oppose Israel and the United States across Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen.
Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East - Wilson Center wilsoncenter.org 1 fact
claimIran's Revolutionary Guards and the elite Qods Force provide arms, training, and financial support to militias and political movements in Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, the Palestinian Territories, Syria, and Yemen.
How active have Iran's proxy groups been since the start of the war? theconversation.com 1 fact
claimThe primary elements of Iran's proxy network include Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, the Syrian government under the Assad family, Iran-aligned militias in Iraq, and the Houthis in Yemen.