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The relationship between mind and physical reality is a central philosophical problem, explored through theories like idealism [1], [2], Cartesian dualism [3], and physicalism [4]. Philosophers have debated whether the mind is separate from, an extension of, or integrated into physical reality [5], [6], [7], as exemplified by the works of Jaegwon Kim [8], Malebranche [9], and George Berkeley [10].
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Panpsychism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2015 Edition) plato.stanford.edu 3 facts
claimIdealism, which holds that mind is the sole ontological foundation of reality and that the physical world is constructed out of mental phenomena, was widespread in the nineteenth century and retained support into the twentieth century.
claimCartesian dualism involves a refusal to integrate the mind into the scientific picture of the physical world, instead accepting a remote relation between independent domains of matter and mind.
claimMalebranche's occasionalism posits that God must intervene between volition and action, and between stimulus and sensation, to account for the interaction between mind and the physical world.
Panpsychism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy plato.stanford.edu 3 facts
claimPhysicalism encompasses a collection of theories that attempt to solve the mind-body problem by integrating the mind into the physical world.
claimPhilosophers attempting to integrate the mind into the physical world face a dilemma between choosing emergentism or panpsychism.
claimIdealism is a philosophical position that holds that mind is the sole ontological foundation of reality, with the physical world being constructed out of mental phenomena.
Dualism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Winter 2016 Edition) plato.stanford.edu 2 facts
perspectiveTo avoid ontological dualism, the mind possessing a perspective must be considered part of the physical reality it observes.
perspectiveGeorge Berkeley suggested that once genuine interaction between mind and body is ruled out, it is best to allow that God creates the physical world directly within the mental realm as a construct of experience.
Consciousness and Self-Directed Attention - Springer Nature link.springer.com 1 fact
claimSome philosophers have viewed subjective experience and the mind as separate from physical reality, while others have considered them extensions of physical reality.